By the end of 2023, the city's population of permanent residents reached 21.858 million, marking an increase of 15,000 from the previous year. Of these residents, 19.198 million lived in urban areas (87.8 percent). The city also had a significant non-local permanent resident population of 8.24 million (37.7 percent of the total). While the birth rate among permanent residents was 5.63 percent, the death rate was slightly higher at 6.13 percent, resulting in a natural population decrease of -0.5 percent.

Despite this, the urban area added 281,000 new jobs throughout the year, maintaining a low average unemployment rate of 4.4 percent.